Pregnancy and childbirth have not been shown to substantially alter susceptibility to or the clinical course of infection with SARS-CoV-2 , , Preliminary data indicate that rates of ICU admission for pregnant women are similar to those of the nonpregnant population , Pregnant women with COVID have not been reported to have severe maternal complications but were noted to be at increased risk of preterm and cesarean delivery in a few studies , , Maternal deaths from cardiopulmonary complications and multi-organ failure in previously healthy women have also been reported , Evidence for vertical transmission to neonates has been mixed so far, which suggests that vertical transmission is possible but is probably not a common occurence , , It is unknown whether the normal immunological changes of pregnancy affect the severity of COVID illness, a disease marked by hyperinflammation in its severe forms.
Histopathological evidence of infection of placental and fetal membrane samples with SARS-CoV-2 has been reported in a few cases , , but so far, vaginal and amniotic samples have tested negative in pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2 The management of hospitalized pregnant women is not substantially different from that of non-pregnant people.
Changes to the route of delivery or management of labor are not routinely recommended for pregnant patients with COVID As clinicians around the world brace themselves to care for patients with COVID for the foreseeable future, the development of a comprehensive understanding of the common and organ-specific pathophysiologies and clinical manifestations of this multi-system disease is imperative.
It is also important that scientists identify and pursue clear research priorities that will help elucidate several aspects of what remains a poorly understood disease.
Some examples of areas that require further attention include elucidation of the mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 is disseminated to extrapulmonary tissues, understanding of the viral properties that may enhance extrapulmonary spread, the contribution of immunopathology and effect of anti-inflammatory therapies, anticipation of the long-term effects of multi-organ injury, the identification of factors that account for the variability in presentation and severity of illness, and the biological and social mechanisms that underlie disparities in outcomes.
A number of organ-system-specific research questions are summarized in Table 1. Regional, national, and international collaborations of clinicians and scientists focused on high-quality, transparent, ethical, and evidence-based research practices would help propel the global community toward achieving success against this pandemic. Dong, E. Lancet Infect. Guan, W. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease in China.
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Nature , — Holmes, K. SARS coronavirus: a new challenge for prevention and therapy. Lan, J. Shang, J. CAS Google Scholar. Walls, A. Cell , — Li, W. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Hoffmann, M. Li, F. Structure of SARS coronavirus spike receptor-binding domain complexed with receptor.
Science , — Wrapp, D. Cryo-EM structure of the nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Wang, Q. Lei, C. Li, H. Sungnak, W. SARS-CoV-2 entry factors are highly expressed in nasal epithelial cells together with innate immune genes. Cao, W. COVID towards understanding of pathogenesis. Cell Res. PubMed Google Scholar.
Puelles, V. Wang, W. Su, H. Kidney Int. Tavazzi, G. Heart Fail. Xiao, F. Gastroenterology , — Qi, F. Single cell RNA sequencing of 13 human tissues identify cell types and receptors of human coronaviruses. Pan, X. Identification of a potential mechanism of acute kidney injury during the COVID outbreak: a study based on single-cell transcriptome analysis.
Intensive Care Med. Ziegler, C. Ackermann, M. Pulmonary vascular endothelialitis, thrombosis, and angiogenesis in Covid Teuwen, L. COVID the vasculature unleashed. Varga, A. Hamming, I. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. Engelmann, B. Thrombosis as an intravascular effector of innate immunity.
Levi, M. Coagulation and sepsis. Jackson, S. Thromboinflammation: challenges of therapeutically targeting coagulation and other host defense mechanisms. Blood , — Bikdeli, B. Pharmacological agents targeting thromboinflammation in COVID review and implications for future research. Koupenova, M. The role of platelets in mediating a response to human influenza infection.
Yeaman, M. Platelets in defense against bacterial pathogens. Life Sci. Semple, J. Platelets and the immune continuum. Merad, M. Zuo, Y. JCI Insight 5 , Gupta, N. The stimulation of thrombosis by hypoxia.
Giannis, D. Deshpande, C. Zhang, H. Dolhnikoff, M. Copin, M. Time to consider histologic pattern of lung injury to treat critically ill patients with COVID infection. Tian, S. Pulmonary pathology of early-phase novel coronavirus COVID pneumonia in two patients with lung cancer.
Kim, K. Adaptive immune cells temper initial innate responses. Channappanavar, R. Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology. Huang, K. Ruan, Q. Petrilli, C. Factors associated with hospital admission and critical illness among people with coronavirus disease in New York City: prospective cohort study.
BMJ , m Cummings, M. Mehta, P. COVID consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Nicholls, J. Lung pathology of fatal severe acute respiratory syndrome. Zhang, X. Ranucci, M. Castell, J. Interleukin-6 is the major regulator of acute phase protein synthesis in adult human hepatocytes. FEBS Lett. Robson, S. Vaduganathan, M. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors in patients with Covid Ye, M.
Glomerular localization and expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and angiotensin-converting enzyme: implications for albuminuria in diabetes. Kuba, K. Strawn, W. Angiotensin- reduces smooth muscle growth after vascular injury. Hypertension 33 , — Arentz, M. Bhatraju, P. Covid in critically ill patients in the Seattle region — case series. Terpos, E. Goyal, P. Clinical characteristics of Covid in New York City. Huang, C. Clinical features of patients infected with novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China.
Qin, C. Fan, B. Lippi, G. Acta , — A social psychologist has come up with a new idea about how we think. Logic is the same in every culture. Look on the word lists in Appendices 1 and 2 pages and for the words you underlined. Choose five of your underlined words that are on the lists and write them below. Then write the part of speech and the dictionary definition that best fits each word as it is used in the passage Word Definition 1. Write a new sentence for each word above.
The sentences should show that you understand the meaning of each word as it is used in the passage. Ask another student to read your sentences.
Then discuss these questions. Do the sentences make sense? Do the sentences show the meaning of the words? Read the excerpt from a textbook and complete the tasks that follow Symbols Reality for human beings is not action or feeling of the power of symbols; culture shock is but meaning.
Humans are symbolic creatures; a nothing more than the inability to "read" symbol is anything that carries a particular meaning in one's surroundings. We feel lost, meaning recognized by the people who share unsure of how to act, and sometimes culture. A whistle, a wall of graffiti, a flashing frightened—a consequence of slipping outside red light, a fist raised in the air—all serve as the symbolic web of culture.
We see the human capacity to create Culture shock is both what travelers and manipulate symbols in the various ways a experience and what they inflict on others by simple wink of the eye can convey interest, acting in ways that may offend them. For understanding, or insult. Often, the People's Republic of China might well be however, we gain a heightened sense of the appalled to discover people roasting dogs as a importance of a symbol when someone uses it wintertime meal.
On the other hand, a North in an unconventional way, say when a person in American who orders a hamburger in India a political demonstration burns a U. Source: John J. Macionis, Society: The Basics, 4th Edition. A symbol is usually written. We always notice the symbols of our own culture. In an unfamiliar culture, we feel confused by the symbols. Culture shock is mostly about food. Write the words you chose in Exercises 1 and 2. Choose five or more of those words and make study cards for them.
Review your study cards alone and then with another student. You may not always be able to infer an exact meaning, but you can often get the general meaning—enough to continue reading with understanding.
What part of speech is it noun, verb, adjective, adverb, etc. These often help determine meaning. For example, if it is an adjective, what is the noun?
If it is a verb, what is the subject? How does the word fit in? Example: Follow the guidelines above to infer the general meaning of the underlined word in each of the three sentences below.
Then write the inferred meaning in English or another language. Do not use a dictionary. The president's spokesman said that it was too early to comment on the outcome of the meeting.
One unfortunate outcome of the elections was that both parties were weaker than before. The outcome of hospital-based treatment was clearly better than home-based treatment. Inferred meaning: the result or effect of something Note: In Exercises , the underlined words are used with their most common definition, usually listed first in the dictionary.
Follow the guidelines to infer the general meaning of the underlined word in each set of three sentences below Then write the inferred meaning in English or another language. Dark clouds appeared and ten minutes later everyone at the football match was completely drenched. When he pulled her out of the swimming pool, her dress was drenched and hung close to her body.
Seymour screamed and sat up suddenly in bed, drenched in a cold sweat. Inferred meaning: 2. The stranger never said a word, but thrust a folded piece of paper into Pilar's hand. He thrust his hands into his pockets and walked slowly away.
As she straightened up, she felt a sudden pain like a knife being thrust into her lower back. Inferred meaning: B. Then look up drenched and thrust in the dictionary. Follow the guidelines to infer the general meaning of the underlined word in each set of three sentences below. Never tamper with electrical fittings without first switching off the main power supply. It is illegal to add, take away, or otherwise tamper with the content of these videos.
Several research assistants were accused of tampering with the results of the experiments. When the train pulled out and the crowd had thinned, he could see a small, forlorn figure sitting on a suitcase. Drennan held on to a forlorn hope that somehow at the end of the war they would all be together again. Then look up tamper and forlorn in the dictionary. Compare the dictionary definitions with your inferred meanings and write the dictionary definitions below: tamper: forlorn: A.
The financial woes of Fiat and other big Italian companies could lead to some important changes in the Italian economy. Take a vacation in the South Pacific and leave behind all your winter worries and woes. It did not take long for him to discover the source of all his friend's woes, but there was little he could do to help.
Recent surveys show that many parents are very worried about the possibility of their child being abducted. In , a school bus driver and twenty-six children were abducted at gunpoint in California. The young woman admitted in tears that she had made up the story of how she was abducted and held by the men for thirty-six hours. Then look up woes and abducted in the dictionary.
In fact, many words have more than one definition and you need to choose the most appropriate one. For example, the word laugh as a verb has eleven different definitions in the Longman Advanced American Dictionary.
Definitions for the word get cover three pages! This is necessary because there may be several dictionary entries for one word as different parts of speech. If it is a part of a frequent combination of words, the definition may be listed separately. For example, you will find separately numbered definitions for sign up and sign off. The same is true of on sight and sight unseen both li sted in the dictionary under sight.
Read the sentence, write the part of speech of the underlined word, and choose the most appropriate definition. Follow the guidelines for choosing a dictionary definition. Finally managing to wrench herself free, she turned and stared at him. Part of speech: verb Definitions:to to use your strength to pull yourself away from someone who is holding you 2. What basic meaning do all three definitions of wrench have in common?
They all include the idea of a movement that causes pain, either physical or psychological. Read the sentences, write the part of speech of the underlined word, and choose the most appropriate definition.
No matter how thirsty it is, a horse that has been used to drinking out of a pond or stream will often refuse water from a trough. Part of speech: Definitions: 1. It was their job to buy horses for the army and to scour the countryside for food and supplies.
Work together and answer the following questions. What basic meaning do the three definitions of trough have in common? What basic meaning do the three definitions of scour have in common?
Read each sentence and choose the most appropriate definition of the underlined word. To make the perfect crepe, put some butter in the pan and tilt it in every direction so the butter covers the bottom.
She ran full tilt out the back door, never noticing the car parked at the side. With the new evidence, public opinion was tilted once again, this time in favor of the suspect. In Leonardo da Vinci's famous portrait Mona Lisa, the slightly upward tilt of her eyes adds to the mystery of her smile. Then discuss the definitions of tilt.
What basic meaning do they have in common? It was an obvious attempt to shift the blame for the accident onto the other driver. Working the night shift can create family problems for both men and women.
Politicians argued that there was a strong need to shift more resources into education and research. The lawyer's sharp questions made the witness shift uncomfortably in his seat. Definitions: 1. Then discuss the definitions of shift. In the following exercises you will practice inferring meaning from a whole paragraph, with a nonsense word in the place of a real word.
Example: Read the following paragraph and answer the questions about the underlined nonsense word. As the harmful effects of mropping on health have become widely known, many cities and some countries have passed laws that limit where it is allowed. In many places, mropping is no longer permitted in restaurants and bars.
Owners of restaurants and bars were against the laws because they believed that their businesses would suffer, but that happened only in the first few months. After that, business returned to normal. The laws have also had another positive effect, apart from making the air cleaner for everyone: More people have given up mropping altogether.
What part of speech is it? What words are found around it? What word or phrase could replace it? Working with another student, read the paragraphs and fill in the information about the nonsense words in each paragraph. At the beginning of World War II, when the Germans moved into northern France, they searched the towns and countryside for escaping French soldiers, who were sent to prisoner-of-war camps in Germany.
Next, they tried to zep all the guns or other arms they could find, though many people hid theirs on farms or underground. The Germans also took all the horses from farms and towns, because they were needed in the army. This loss really hurt the French, since the lack of gasoline made horses necessary to work the farms and for transport.
Not long after this, the Germans zepped radios as well, so that people could not listen to foreign news reports. In many countries, there are electronic signs along roads that zop drivers about dangers or problems ahead. These may be short-term dangers, such as an accident or bad weather, or longer-term problems, such as roadwork. Studies have shown, however, that drivers do not always notice these signs. Do these systems work better to zop drivers than the roadside signs? It is too soon to tell.
The results of the first studies will be published next year. If you disagree, look again at the paragraphs and explain your answers. Working with another student, read the paragraphs and fill in the information about the underlined nonsense words. During my stay in the city, I often used to sit on a stone wall by the riverbank in the early evening, hoping for a cool breeze—though there never was one.
On one side was the "white" city, on the other side were the African villages, and all day long there were large dreels that went back and forth, bringing people, bicycles, cars, and trucks to and from the city. At this time of day, city workers were eager to get back to their own world on the far side of the river.
Brightly dressed and joking, the Africans pushed forward when the dreel arrived. Many were carrying loads on their heads or bicycles on their shoulders.
Some were so anxious not to miss the chance to get home that they leaped down the steps and jumped into the dreel as it pulled out. The foreign news reporters had been warned not to dress in a way that marked them obviously as foreigners.
They were also told not to walk down the middle of the street, where they could be a zeem for enemies on the roofs. They should always stay close to the buildings, ready to run into a doorway if they heard or saw anything suspicious. They should always wear a bulletproof vest. They all did as they had been told, but still did not feel safe. It was impossible not to think of the colleagues who had been wounded and killed in these streets.
They walked quickly, looking up at the rooftops. There was no telling when and where a sharpshooter might decide it was time for zeem practice—and they rarely missed their zeem.
You need to read more of the surrounding text to look for clues to its meaning. Does it make sense? If not, check steps again or look in a dictionary! Working with another student, read the passage below from Never Cry Wolf by the biologist Farley Mowat.
Then answer the questions and infer the meaning of the underlined word. Note: The book describes a summer that Mowat spent in the Canadian Arctic studying wolves. In this passage, he describes three wolves whom he has named George, Albert, and Angeline. One day the wolves killed a caribou' close to overcome all three. Angeline lay at her ease on home and this convenient food supply gave them the rocks overlooking the summer den, while an opportunity to take a holiday.
They did not go George and Albert rested in sandy beds on the hunting at all that night, but stayed near the den t ridge. During my stay in the city, I often used to sit on a stone wall by the riverbank in the early evening, hoping for a cool breeze-though there never was one.
What phrase is used with it? What words in the paragraph give clues to the meaning? Now infer an approximate meaning of the word and write it here.
Now look up lassitude in the dictionary and write the definition that best fits its use in the passage. Working with another student, read another passage from Never Cry Wolf. The realization that the wolves' summer diet 1.
That wolves caught and ate mice. That the small rodents [mice] were work in the field of dietetics. This concerned the thoroughly substantiated that there would be no nutritional value of mice. It was imperative for me room to doubt its validity. Boston: Bantam Books, , p. Compare your answers in A and B with those of another pair of students. Then look up substantiated in the dictionary.
If what you wrote does not match any of the definitions in the dictionary, choose the most appropriate definition and write it here. Working with another student, read the passages from Bury Me Standing by the journalist Isabel Fonseca. Then infer the meaning of the underlined words. This book of anthropology describes the history of Gypsy, or Roma, families in Eastern Europe and their lives in the s. Even at [the Gypsies'] home I was never allowed to be alone: not ever.
The Dukas did not share gadjo [non-Gypsy] notions of or need for privacy. Or for quiet. The more and the noisier the better was their creed—one that I found to be universal among Roma. There was something wrong with you, some shame, if you had to be alone. The Gypsies have endured unimaginable hardships, but one could be sure that loneliness wasn't one of them. Inferred meaning of creed: 2. Every morning Bexhet stretched out his shaving ritual for as long as he could.
One by one, he would produce the implements from his locked trunk: a shaving brush, a shaving bowl with the soap stuck in it, the folding razor. Wearing his morning suit—striped pajama bottoms and a khaki military shirt—he would make three trips in and out of the house for these tools, holding each with a ten-fingered delicacy you might reserve for the handling of a small but perfectly preserved Minoan [antique] pot.
After all the implements had been arranged along the courtyard ledge, which became barber's corner for a good part of each morning, Bexhet would make a final trip for his special cracked shaving mirror. Inferred meaning of implement: 3. Jeta's father, Sherif just for example , like most traditional Gypsy men, wore a suit all the time, the same suit, no matter what the occasion or the weather.
And he would wear that suit until it fell to pieces and had to be replaced. This habit flourished alongside the foppish' tastes of many Gypsy men: they loved flash cuts and flapping lapels, in shiny, striped fabrics; they liked hats, wore watch fobs , 2 mustaches, and lots of gold jewelry. New York: Vintage Books, 1 foppish: fashionable in an extreme way 2 fob: a short chain to which a watch is fastened Inferred meaning of flourished: B.
Then look up the underlined words in the dictionary. If what you wrote does not match any of the definitions in the dictionary, choose the most appropriate definitions and write them here.
Many words in English can be broken down into several parts. Words in English can have three parts: a root, a prefix, and a suffix. Note that when suffixes are added, the spelling of the root may change. The words built around a single root are called related words. These include many of the roots that come from Latin, Greek, and other languages.
Note that the spelling of the roots from other languages is often changed when they are part of an English word. Example: philos from the Greek word for love is contained in: philosopher lover of knowledge and bibliophile lover of books.
Working with another student, write the word, the root, and the definition if you know it or can guess it. Then look it up in the dictionary to check your definition. Example: Because of problems with his vision, Sanjay can no longer drive a car. Word: vision Root: visus Your definition: being able to see Dictionary definition: ability to see 1. Manual workers with no special training are unlikely to find a job that pays well.
Word: Root: Your definition: Dictionary definition: 2. If you reverse the flow of water in the experiment, you will get the opposite results as well. Historically, the earliest churches in this region were located outside the city walls. Word: Root: Your definition: Dictionary definition: 4. It was difficult to predict whether the injury would result in death. Mason and Dixon arrived in Philadelphia on 15 November Although the war in America had concluded some two years earlier, there remained considerable tension between the settlers and their native neighbours.
The line was not called the Mason-Dixon Line when it was first drawn. Instead, it got this name during the Missouri Compromise , which was agreed to in It was used to reference the boundary between states where slavery was legal and states where it was not. After this, both the name and its understood meaning became more widespread, and it eventually became part of the border between the seceded Confederate States of America and Union Territories.
In the early days of British colonialism in North America, land was granted to individuals or corporations via charters, which were given by the king himself. However, even kings can make mistakes, and when Charles II granted William Penn a charter for land in America, he gave him territory that he had already granted to both Maryland and Delaware!
What an idiot!? He was an early advocate of democracy and religious freedom, notable for his good relations and successful treaties with the Lenape Native Americans.
Under his direction, the city of Philadelphia was planned and developed. Philadelphia was planned out to be grid-like with its streets and be very easy to navigate, unlike London where Penn was from.
The streets are named with numbers and tree names. But in his defense, the map he was using was inaccurate, and this threw everything out of whack.
But as all the colonies grew in population and sought to expand westward , the matter of the unresolved border became a much more prominent in mid-Atlantic politics. In colonial times, as in modern times, too, borders and boundaries were critical. What Borne will lay bare to Rachel as he changes is how precarious her existence has been, and how dependent on subterfuge and secrets.
In the aftermath, nothing may ever be the same. At stake: the fate of the future, the fate of Earth—all the Earths. A messianic blue fox who slips through warrens of time and space on a mysterious mission. A homeless woman haunted by a demon who finds the key to all things in a strange journal.
A giant leviathan of a fish, centuries old, who hides a secret, remembering a past that may not be its own. Three ragtag rebels waging an endless war for the fate of the world against an all-powerful corporation. A raving madman who wanders the desert lost in the past, haunted by his own creation: an invisible monster whose name he has forgotten and whose purpose remains hidden. Narrated with flamboyant intensity and under increasingly urgent conditions by ex-society figure Janice Shriek, this afterword presents a vivid gallery of characters and events, emphasizing the adventures of Janice's brother Duncan, a historian obsessed with a doomed love affair and a secret that may kill or transform him; a war between rival publishing houses that will change Ambergris forever; and the gray caps, a marginalized people armed with advanced fungal technologies who have been waiting underground for their chance to mold the future of the city.
Part academic treatise, part tell-all biography, after this introduction to the Family Shriek, you'll never look at history in quite the same way again. VanderMeer proves again why he is so essential and why everybody should be reading him. Compared by critics to Borges, Nabokov, and Kafka, contemporary fantasist Jeff VanderMeer The Southern Reach Trilogy continues to amaze with this surreal, innovative, and absurdist gathering of award-winning short fiction.
Exotic beasts and improbable travelers roam restlessly through these darkly diverting and finely honed tales. Chimerical and hypnotic, VanderMeer leads readers into a new literature of the imagination. Others you may never even have heard of, yet their outcomes quietly defined the world we live in now.
Familiar or little-known, each case springs to vivid life in the hands of the acclaimed writers who dive into the history, narrate their personal experiences, and debate the questions at the heart of each issue. Hector Tobar introduces us to Ernesto Miranda, the felon whose wrongful conviction inspired the now-iconic Miranda rights—which the police would later read to the man suspected of killing him.
Yaa Gyasi confronts the legacy of Brown v. Board of Education, in which the ACLU submitted a friend of- the-court brief questioning why a nation that has sent men to the moon still has public schools so unequal that they may as well be on different planets. Humanity is coming home.
Weeks after landing on Earth, the Hundred have managed to create a sense of order amidst their wild, chaotic surroundings.
But their delicate balance comes crashing down with the arrival of new dropships from space. These new arrivals are the lucky ones-back on the Colony, the oxygen is almost gone-but after making it safely to Earth, GLASS's luck seems to be running out. CLARKE leads a rescue party to the crash site, ready to treat the wounded, but she can't stop thinking about her parents who may still be alive.
It's time for the Hundred to come together and fight for the freedom they've found on Earth, or risk losing everything-and everyone-they love. Skip to content. Homegoing Book Review:. Transcendent Kingdom. Transcendent Kingdom Book Review:. Stay with Me. Stay with Me Book Review:. The Girl with the Louding Voice. Homegoing by Yaa Gyasi Book Analysis. The Homecoming. The Homecoming Book Review:.
Redeployment Book Review:. Lonestar Homecoming. Lonestar Homecoming Book Review:. Homecoming Book Review:. Fight of the Century.
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