If the package or module is not referenced from the main module, the stanza will display a single parenthesized note indicating that fact. The -m flag causes go mod why to treat its arguments as a list of modules. Note that even when -m is used, go mod why queries the package graph, not the module graph printed by go mod graph.
The -vendor flag causes go mod why to ignore imports in tests of packages outside the main module as go mod vendor does. By default, go mod why considers the graph of packages matched by the all pattern. This flag has no effect after Go 1. If no files are named on the command line, go version prints its own version information.
If a directory is named, go version walks that directory, recursively, looking for recognized Go binaries and reporting their versions. By default, go version does not report unrecognized files found during a directory scan. The -v flag causes it to report unrecognized files. For each executable, go version -m prints a table with tab-separated columns like the one below.
The format of the table may change in the future. The -modcache flag causes go clean to remove the entire module cache , including unpacked source code of versioned dependencies. This is usually the best way to remove the module cache. The -modcacherw flag accepted by go build and other module-aware commands causes new directories in the module cache to be writable. For example, the command below sets it permanently:. Several commands allow you to specify a version of a module using a version query , which appears after an character following a module or package path on the command line.
Except for queries for specific named versions or revisions, all queries consider available versions reported by go list -m -versions see go list -m. This list contains only tagged versions, not pseudo-versions. Versions covered by retract directives in the go. Release versions are preferred over pre-release versions. For example, if versions v1. Other queries will report an error. Module-aware Go commands normally run in the context of a main module defined by a go.
Some commands may be run in module-aware mode without a go. See Module-aware commands for information on enabling and disabling module-aware mode. Redirects 3xx are followed. Responses with status codes 4xx and 5xx are treated as errors. The error codes Not Found and Gone indicate that the requested module or version is not available on the proxy, but it may be found elsewhere. The list may include the keywords direct or off see Environment variables for details.
List elements may be separated by commas , or pipes , which determine error fallback behavior. When a URL is followed by a comma, the go command falls back to later sources only after a Not Found or Gone response. When a URL is followed by a pipe, the go command falls back to later sources after any error, including non-HTTP errors such as timeouts. This error handling behavior lets a proxy act as a gatekeeper for unknown modules.
For example, a proxy could respond with error Forbidden for modules not on an approved list see Private proxy serving private modules. The table below specifies queries that a module proxy must respond to. This allows modules example. Returns JSON-formatted metadata about a specific version of a module. The Version field is required and must contain a valid, canonical version see Versions.
The Time field is optional. If present, it must be a string in RFC format. It indicates the time when the version was created. The go command prefers, in order: the semantically highest release version, the semantically highest pre-release version, and the chronologically most recent pseudo-version.
This content is cryptographically authenticated using go. Even when downloading directly from version control systems, the go command synthesizes explicit info , mod , and zip files and stores them in this directory, the same as if it had downloaded them directly from a proxy. The go command may download module source code and metadata from a module proxy. The GOPROXY environment variable may be used to configure which proxies the go command may connect to and whether it may communicate directly with version control systems.
Downloaded module data is saved in the module cache. The go command will only contact a proxy when it needs information not already in the cache. For example, go build follows the procedure below:. When the go command computes the build list, it loads the go. If a go. These requests can be tested with a tool like curl. For example, the command below downloads the go. In order to load a package, the go command needs the source code for the module that provides it.
Module source code is distributed in. If a module. Note that. The go command may need to download go. Additionally, if a Go project does not have a go. Synthetic go. If the go command needs to load a package not provided by any module in the build list, it will attempt to find a new module that provides it.
The section Resolving a package to a module describes this process. In summary, the go command requests information about the latest version of each module path that could possibly contain the package.
For example, for the package golang. Only golang. If more than one module provides the package, the go command will use the module with the longest path. After downloading a. If the hash is not present in go. If the computed hash does not match, the go command reports a security error and does not install the file in the module cache. See Authenticating modules for more information. Note that version lists and version metadata returned for. Most modules are developed and served from a version control repository.
In direct mode , the go command downloads such a module with a version control tool see Version control systems. This is useful for organizations that want to serve modules without exposing their version control servers and for organizations that use version control tools the go command does not support.
See Finding a repository for a module path for details. For example, suppose the go command is attempting to download the module example. The server responds with an HTML document containing the tag:. The go command may download module source code and metadata directly from a version control repository. Git, Subversion, Mercurial, Bazaar, and Fossil are supported. A version control tool must be installed in a directory in PATH in order for the go command to use it.
See Environment variables for more information. When the go command downloads a module in direct mode, it starts by locating the repository that contains the module. If the module path has a VCS qualifier one of. For example, for the module example. The go command will guess the protocol to use based on the protocols supported by the version control tool. For example, for the module golang. The go command follows redirects but otherwise ignores response status codes, so the server may respond with a or any other error status.
It must be a prefix or an exact match of the requested module path. See Serving modules directly from a proxy for details. As an example, consider golang. GitHub and other popular hosting services respond to? After the repository URL is found, the go command will clone the repository into the module cache.
In general, the go command tries to avoid fetching unneeded data from a repository. However, the actual commands used vary by version control system and may change over time. For Git, the go command can list most available versions without downloading commits. It will usually fetch commits without downloading ancestor commits, but doing so is sometimes necessary. The go command may check out a module within a repository at a specific canonical version like v1.
Each module version should have a semantic version tag within the repository that indicates which revision should be checked out for a given version.
If a module is defined in the repository root directory or in a major version subdirectory of the root directory, then each version tag name is equal to the corresponding version.
For example, the module golang. This is true for most modules. If a module is defined in a subdirectory within the repository, that is, the module subdirectory portion of the module path is not empty, then each tag name must be prefixed with the module subdirectory, followed by a slash. The version v0. For example, the tag v1.
A tag with major version v2 or higher may belong to a module without a major version suffix if no go. The version tag itself must not have the suffix. See Compatibility with non-module repositories. Once a tag is created, it should not be deleted or changed to a different revision. Versions are authenticated to ensure safe, repeatable builds.
If a tag is modified, clients may see a security error when downloading it. Even after a tag is deleted, its content may remain available on module proxies. The go command may check out a module within a repository at a specific revision, encoded as a pseudo-version like v1. The last 12 characters of the pseudo-version daa7cf5 in the example above indicate a revision in the repository to check out.
The meaning of this depends on the version control system. For Git and Mercurial, this is a prefix of a commit hash. For Subversion, this is a zero-padded revision number. Before checking out a commit, the go command verifies that the timestamp above matches the commit date. It also verifies that the base version v1. These checks ensure that module authors have full control over how pseudo-versions compare with other released versions.
A module may be checked out at a specific branch, tag, or revision using a version query. The go command converts these names into canonical versions that can be used with minimal version selection MVS.
MVS depends on the ability to order versions unambiguously. If a revision is tagged with one or more semantic version tags like v1. The go command only considers semantic version tags that could belong to the target module; for example, the tag v1. If a revision is not tagged with a valid semantic version tag, the go command will generate a pseudo-version.
If the revision has ancestors with valid semantic version tags, the highest ancestor version will be used as the pseudo-version base. See Pseudo-versions. Recall that a module path consists of three parts: a repository root path corresponding to the repository root directory , a module subdirectory, and a major version suffix only for modules released at v2 or higher.
Modules are sometimes defined in repository subdirectories. This is typically done for large repositories with multiple components that need to be released and versioned independently.
For example, suppose the module example. Its go. If a module is released at major version v2 or higher, its path must have a major version suffix. A module with a major version suffix may be defined in one of two subdirectories: one with the suffix, and one without.
For example, suppose a new version of the module above is released with the path example. Subdirectories with a major version suffix are major version subdirectories. They may be used to develop multiple major versions of a module on a single branch. This may be unnecessary when development of multiple major versions proceeds on separate branches.
Once the go command has found the module root directory, it creates a. See File path and size constraints for details on what files may be included in the. The contents of the. Module zip files do not include the contents of vendor directories or any nested modules subdirectories that contain go. This means a module must take care not to refer to files outside its directory or in other modules. This behavior may serve as a useful workaround in situations where files should not be included in a module.
For example, if a repository has large files checked into a testdata directory, the module author could add an empty go. Of course, this may reduce coverage for users testing their dependencies. When the go command creates a. Unfortunately, this cannot be extended without breaking cryptographic sums of existing modules; see Authenticating modules. Other tools and websites like pkg. Note also that the go command does not include symbolic links when creating module.
It was that way in the past, it is still that way in the present and will remain to be in the future. Always educate yourself about your firearms. NOTE: I have to mention that if you are not satisfied, all the products listed bellow have a refund policy that will give you all your money back with no charge!
The Lost Ways is a comprehensive book that teaches you a variety of ways that our forefathers used to deal with different situations. The program teaches you survival mechanisms that does not require money. The fact is that the modern survival equipment is unreliable and ineffective. In fact with the techniques in this book , you can survive solely in a catastrophe that kills everybody. Enjoying the delicious sweet-smoky taste of beef, pork, or link sausages for months to come… without ANY refrigeration, chemicals, preservatives, or additives!
Backyard Revolution. The research team attempted to acquire detailed information on the fatal and nonfatal shootings by interviewing investigators and reviewing incident reports and detective case files including emergency medical response and coroner reports.
The case files for the homicide victims were generally complete in recording number and location of wounds, but some of the files for nonfatal cases were missing this information. Furthermore, some homicide and assault cases were missing data on firearm caliber, either because cartridge and bullet fragments were not recovered, or if recovered were too damaged to make a determination of the specific caliber.
For analyses requiring data on caliber, the working sample included cases nonfatal and fatal. There were no systematic differences between cases included in the analysis and those excluded because of absence of caliber data eTable 1 in the Supplement. Descriptive statistics were used to compare the characteristics of fatal and nonfatal criminal shootings with respect to the demographic characteristics of gunshot victims and survivors, the circumstances of the assault, and other variables.
Multivariate binary and multinomial logistic regression models were used to estimate the relationship between a categorical outcome variable and a predictor variable, holding the influence of other variables constant. The conventional 2-tailed. Missing data for caliber and wounds were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression to ascertain if missingness was systematic or as good as random eTable 2 in the Supplement.
The primary analysis, which uses the working sample, had 3 goals. The first goal was to determine whether caliber is statistically independent of observable characteristics of the assault, including indicators of skill and intent, to validate the claim that caliber serves as a natural experiment for testing instrumentality. In addition, a multinomial logit equation was estimated with all these covariates included.
The third goal, building on the second, was to estimate the effect of a hypothetical intervention, namely replacing all the medium- and large-caliber guns with small-caliber guns. Using the logit regression equation on outcome as the basis for the simulation, the probability of death was calculated for each assault and then averaged under both the observed calibers small, medium, and large and the hypothetical case of replacing all larger calibers with small.
It should be noted that the probabilities of death reflect the fact that the nonfatal shootings are a sample of the total, whereas nearly all homicides are included. Hence the computed probabilities are a multiple of the true probabilities of death. But the ratio of estimated probabilities should be unaffected, as the multiple is the same for the numerator and denominator of the ratio. In all analyses, caliber was coded as either small.
The wound location was coded as head or neck; chest, back, or abdomen; or arms and legs. The number of wounds was coded as 1 or more than 1. Stata SE In line with current best practice, robust standard errors were used, clustered by police district. Policing districts were used as indicators for Boston neighborhoods to capture both variations in community contexts and local policing practices that could affect the lethality of shootings and the quality of investigative information.
Table 1 presents the characteristics of gunshot victims and survivors and circumstances in gun assaults and homicides occurring in Boston between January 1, , and December 31, For only 1 variable is there a statistically significant difference between fatal and nonfatal cases, and that is whether the shooting occurred indoors or outdoors.
Fatal shootings were more likely to occur indoors 54 of [ Most gunshot victims and survivors were young minority men with prior court arraignments. Most attacks occurred in circumstances where gangs or drugs played an important role according to BPD investigation results. Most were in outdoor locations in the disadvantaged Boston neighborhoods of Roxbury, Mattapan, and Dorchester. Table 2 reports the distribution of calibers, shots fired, number of gunshot wounds, and wound location for nonfatal and fatal cases.
Most interpersonal gun violence involves handguns, and Boston is no exception. Only 1 gun homicide was committed with a rifle caliber 7. The most common caliber was 9 mm in both nonfatal shootings 50 of [ Homicides were more likely to involve large-caliber firearms 60 of [ The number of shots fired in each case was estimated by the BPD based on spent bullets and cartridge casings recovered at the crime scene.
The mean SD number of shots was higher in fatal shootings 6. Homicide victims were more likely to have multiple gunshot wounds of [ A separate calculation found that the number of shots fired was statistically unrelated to caliber for both fatal and nonfatal cases eTable 3 in the Supplement. The distributions of wound locations differed in the expected way. For individuals with a single wound, 84 of For individuals with multiple wounds, the most serious wound was peripheral in 18 of 50 nonfatal shootings The ranking used to determine seriousness was based only on location, with head and neck most serious; then chest, back, and abdomen; then arms, shoulders, and legs.
Table 3 provides results relevant to the first goal of the analysis. It presents the results of a multinomial logistic regression on the caliber of the gun used in the assault. In model 1, the variables include the sex, race, and age of the victim or survivor, the circumstances motivation of the attack, and whether the attack occurred indoors or outdoors.
Model 2 adds additional covariates, including the number of wounds and location of the most serious wounds both considered indicators of skill and determination to kill. There are no statistically significant results for either model. The lack of systematic association is what would be expected if caliber were assigned at random, as in an experiment. Table 4 presents the results of a multivariate logistic regression on whether the event was fatal or nonfatal. The effects of caliber on odds of death are estimated, controlling for gunshot victim and survivor characteristics, whether the shooting occurred indoors or outdoors, and neighborhood indicators included, not shown.
Relative to shootings involving small-caliber firearms reference category , the odds of death if the gun was large caliber were 4. The odds of death in indoor shootings were 2. The effects of caliber size and indoor location remained strong in the alternate specifications in models 2 and 3. None of the other covariates had a statistically discernible effect on the odds of death.
The overall effect of larger caliber on deaths can be estimated by simulation using the logit regression results in Table 4. The simulation uses the shooting cases nonfatal [ First, the predicted probability of death for each shooting case was computed using the actual caliber mean [SD] probability, 0.
The ratio of mean probabilities was 0. So now, we hope that we have clear all your doubts about the screwdrivers. And also you can check out the Feedspot article on Top 30 Mechanical Engineering Blogs they have done an incredible job by creating a list of top 30 websites in one place and also we got a chance to mention them in their list so please checkout.
If you like our article then please share it with your friends. Subscribe to our newsletter to get notifications of new articles. Enter your email address. Sign U. Saif M. He completed his engineering studies in and is currently working in a large firm as Mechanical Engineer. He is also an author and editor at www. Great work to the team…. Notify me of follow-up comments by email.
Notify me of new posts by email. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed. Screwdriver and Types Contents show. Screwdriver and Types. Parts of Screwdriver 2. Types of Screwdrivers 3. Flat Head. Robertson or Square Screwdriver. Hex or Hexagonal Screwdriver.
Clutch Head. Multipurpose Screwdriver. Special Types of Screwdrivers. Flat Head Screwdriver. Philips Screwdriver. Torx Screwdriver. Robertson Screwdriver or Square Screwdriver. Pozidriv Screwdriver.
Hexagonal Screwdriver. Offset Screwdriver. Watchmaker Screwdriver.
0コメント